Polymer Science Applications in Oil and Gas Industry

Polymer chemists study large, complex molecules that are built up from many smaller units. They study how the monomers combine, and create useful materials with specific characteristics by manipulating the molecular structure of the monomers/polymers used, the composition of the monomer/polymer combinations, to a large extent, affect the properties of the final product by applying chemical and processing techniques.

Chemicals:

The chemical industry is crucial to modern world economies, and works to convert raw materials such as oil, natural gas, air, water, metals, and minerals into more than 80,000 different products. To make consumer products, as well as in the manufacturing, service, construction, agriculture, and other industries those base products are used. Majority of the chemical industry’s output is polymers and polymer-related, including elastomers, fibers, plastics, adhesives, coatings, and more. Rubber and plastic products, textiles, apparel, petroleum refining, pulp and paper, and primary metals are the major industries served.

Oil & Gas

The entire oil and gas industry chain, from upstream oil and gas production activities, to midstream, and finally downstream refinery production of fuels, uses the polymeric materials only. Solid-state polymers such as plastics, fibers, and elastomers for use in oil well sites and off-shore platforms, with applications including construction of structures such as pipelines, propellants in hydraulic fracturing, and as coatings. Polymeric additives are used in upstream oil production applications as well stimulants, drilling fluids, corrosion inhibitors, scaling inhibitors, and viscosity modifiers. They are even used as components of cements used in protecting casings down hole.

In downstream operations, polymeric additives are used to overcome operational issues in the refinery, distribution systems, and storage tanks and in different fuel transport and combustion applications. Finally to improve performance features. To resolve specific issues at a refinery, polymers may be used as stand-alone products, and combined with other products to create a multi-functional package for use in finished fuels for the automotive industry.  Some specific examples of polymeric additives used in downstream applications include synthetic base stocks for lubricants, pipeline drag reducers, cold flow improvers, demulsifiers, deposit control additives, dispersants, friction modifiers, corrosion inhibitors, antifoamants, and viscosity improvers. 

Offshore and Onshore Oil Drilling

Oil drilling is classified into two main categories: offshore and onshore drilling. The location of the drilling is the most obvious difference, but the two categories are vary in different areas, including cost, profits, time duration for drilling and processes. Both types of drilling have certain advantages over the other, but both are actively used to extract oil to meet the levels of popularity of the world.

Offshore Drilling:

As the name recommends, this type of oil drilling takes place off the shore in ocean waters. About 30% of the global oil production comes from offshore drilling.

Drilling an offshore well is similar to the onshore process, initially well is drilled and concrete lines the hole. The oil is pumped up out of the hole using different systems depending on the specific type of platform used for the operation.

For shallow water drilling fixed platform anchored to the ocean floor. To carry the oil to the surface, rigid tubes connect the wellhead to the platform. Deep water drilling requires a floating platform that uses flexible risers for the movement. For extraction of oil, the setup includes risers used to push water and gas down. Other risers extract the oil from water. The risers are designed to keep the oil warm because of the temperature of the water, so it continues flowing freely. Once pumped, the oil is stored or sent directly to the shore through pipelines, depending on the setup.

Onshore oil drilling:

Onshore drilling encompasses all of the drilling sites located on dry land. Onshore drilling accounts for 70% of the worldwide oil production.

Onshore oil production requires the drilling of deep holes down into the earth’s surface to reach the oil below, Onshore drilling similar like offshore drilling but without the difficulty of deep water between the platform and the oil. Since the ground offers a solid platform, the drilling structures and storage areas are built directly on the soil.

To prevent contamination new well first requires the crew to drill below the water table. Once extraction process begins the hole is then encased in cement to prevent the oil from seeping into the soil or groundwater supply. Based on the specific depth of the oil trap in that area, Drilling continues to the appropriate depth. Once drilling completed, the well uses liquids pumped into the ground at high pressure levels to remove the oil from the rocks.  

Innovations in Exploration, Mining, and Processing

The three major components of mining (exploration, mining, and processing) overlap sometimes. After a mineral deposit has been identified through exploration, the industry must make a considerable investment in mine development before production starts. Farther exploration near the deposit and more development drilling within the deposit are done while the mining is processing. In-situ mining, which is a special case that combines aspects of mining and processing but does not require the excavation, comminution, and waste disposal steps. Innovatively combined the main components, such as when in-situ leaching of copper is undertaken after conventional mining has rubblized ore in underground block-caving operations.

Exploration:

Mineral exploration has been driven mostly by Modern technology. Many mineral discoveries can be attributed to geophysical and geochemical technologies developed by both industry and government. New technology, such as tomographic imaging is newly applied to mineral exploration. Basic geological sciences, geophysical and geochemical methods, and drilling technologies Research could improve the effectiveness and productiveness of mineral exploration. These fields sometimes overlap, and developments in one area are likely to cross-fertilize research and development in other areas.

Geological Methods:

Underlying physical and chemical processes of formation are common to many metallic and non-metallic ore deposits. A geologic database would be beneficial not only to the mining industry but also to environmental scientists.

Most of the metallic ore deposits are formed through the interaction of an aqueous fluid and host rocks. Along the fluid flow pathway through the Earth’s crust, the fluids encounter changes in physical or chemical conditions at some point. That causes the dissolved metals to precipitate. In research on ore deposits, the focus has traditionally been on the location of metal depositions, i.e., the ore deposit itself.

Geochemical and Geophysical Methods:

Analyzing the soil, rock, water, vegetation, and vapor the Surface geochemical prospecting is involved. For example mercury and hydrocarbons in soil gas, for trace amounts of metals or other elements that may indicate the presence of a buried ore deposit.

In the discovery of numerous mineral deposits, geochemical techniques have played a key role, and they continue to be a standard method of exploration.

Revolutionary technique for the rapid on-site detection and quantification of petroleum hydrocarbons

The technique implies that the presence of hydrocarbons would now be able to be evaluated basically by utilizing a hand-held infrared spectrometer to take readings at the site of enthusiasm, without the need to take tests or perform any sort of preparing.

The strategy could be utilized for oil exploration purposes. It will likewise be especially helpful in evaluating and observing contaminated sites, for example, coastal land following off-shore oil slicks and mechanical locales got ready for urban redevelopment. Oil hydrocarbons are a significant asset, however can likewise be really frightful ecological contaminants. They can stay in the earth for expanded timeframes and can be destructive to wildlife, plants and people. Better apparatuses to distinguish them make a fast reaction conceivable.

The method utilizes an infrared signal to identify the presence of oil hydrocarbons in tests. By differentiate, current strategies utilize inspecting and handling procedures that are work escalated, tedious, require sensitive equipment and are not appropriate to nearby on-site analysis. The capacity of this new procedure to quickly distinguish the presence of contaminants at the site can possibly give significant cost points of interest, as far as reduced testing costs and the avoidance of delays.

Quick examination enables prompt measures to be embraced to anticipate facilitate tainting or to constrain contaminant spread." A huge part of the time and money related costs associated with evaluating and remediating contaminated sites is devoured by checking and analysis. By diminishing investigation time and decreasing costs this new method can aid the quick and compelling distinguishing proof of oil and other oil based products in the earth, and additionally treatment and insurance of ecological resources threatened by petroleum contamination.

Conference sessions include Oil and Gas Technology, Oil and Gas Exploration and Production, Petroleum Geology and Geoscience, Drilling and Mining Engineering, Enhanced Oil Recovery, Bio Fuels Refining, Catalytic Cracking, Petroleum Distillation and Refining, Energy Conversion and Storage, Petro chemistry and Polymer Science, Catalysts for Heavy Oil Extraction, Chemical Applications in Oil and Gas, Recent Development in Oil and Gas Industries, Environmental hazards in oil and gas Industry, Entrepreneurs Investment Meet, On shore and off shore operations, Geophysical and Remote Sensing Techniques, Petroleum Engineering and Chemical Engineering, Innovations in Upstream and downstream operations, Nanotechnology Applications in Petroleum Refining.

Overview of Data Mining Applications in Oil and Gas Exploration

Oil and gas supply chain consists of four main phases: 1) Extraction and Exploration, 2) Refining, 3) Transportation, and 4) Distribution and Marketing. In the context of cost reduction, exploration is the act of minimizing the expenses associated with finding commercial oil and gas deposits. These expenses increases from the mentioned main elementary activities satellite Infrared /Radar/Microwave Surveying, Aerial Imaging, Geo Botany prospecting and Geo chemical Exploration; Aerial magnetic, Electromagnetic & Gravity Surveying, Seismic Surveying and Exploratory wells.

The technology applied in oil and gas exploration is Data Mining that can create cost reductions and bring about considerable financial benefits. By applying the advanced techniques, such as pattern recognition, and particular identification to a more comprehensive set of data collected during seismic acquisition, Geologists may be able to identify potentially productive seismic trace signatures that have been overlooked in newly acquired or archived data. Application of data mining in oil and gas exploration is in the experimental stage with much of the efforts focused on data-intensive computing. Oil and Gas Companies, Business Analytics service providers and Academic institutions are working on various applications. The categories are: structural geology and reservoir property-issues.

In oil and gas exploration process, Structural Geology is accurately surveying the top, bottom and lateral extent of geological structures is important as these structures might produce hydrocarbons. This locating, in presence of oil and gas, assists in determining the thickness of the hydrocarbon bearing (rock) layers and consequentially in deciding the economic viability of the reserve. Furthermore, using accurate mapping, by the optimal placement of the wells, production in multi-layered reservoirs, where shale and sand layers are laminated, can be carried out from and combined into a single well, and, therefore, result in cost savings.

Reservoir Property-Issues The earliest discoveries of oil and gas deposits were based on determining the structural traps. But now a different type of trap became important, that is stratigraphic traps. Stratigraphic traps are one must go beyond the structure and deduce possible lithology (identifying rock layers in the subsurface) and probable presence of oil and gas. Horizontal lithological analysis is known as lithofacies analysis.

Polymer Science Applied to Petroleum Production:

The petroleum industry is composed of various upstream and downstream segments, from prospecting for oil to production of petrochemicals. The Petrochemical sector produces polymers and monomers, which are applied in a wide range of sectors, including the petroleum industry which uses a wide array of oligomer and polymer products.

The polymer materials used in the oil industry can be classified into two large categories: first one is solid-state polymers, such as engineering materials, and second one is polymers in solution, employed as components of fluids or additive formulations. Engineering materials include those classified as plastics, fibers, and elastomers in general, for use on offshore platforms, construction of pipelines and floating structures, among others. In solution, polymers are added to either fluids or formulations to increase their properties and are used in many oil production operations, such as drilling, cementing, completion, production itself, and treatment of oil and water. Generally various polymers, oligomers, and macromolecules have been evaluated for their efficiency in specific functions.

The development of a polymer additive with specific performance generally requires synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of its properties are physical, chemical, and/or physicochemical besides application tests. Based on the experience acquired in synthesis and characterization of copolymers, as well as in studying their physicochemical properties and behaviour of their interfaces, our research group is dedicated to the development of the new polymers for application in the solution in the petroleum industry.

The knowledge gained about oil operations, allied with the scientific and technological education offered by the Institute of Macromolecules, has permitted a focus on macromolecules applied to the oil and gas sector in the postgraduate courses in polymer science and technology. oil production operations are drilling, cementing, completion, production - divergence - well stimulation - control of deposits - control of hydrates - oil recovery,  treatment of oil , treatment of systems contaminated with oil, compatibility of polymer additives It is important to mention that, despite the production of the majority of polymers being a petrochemical process widely used all over the world.

Oil and Petroleum

Natural oil and gas are found beneath the Earth's surface and are exceedingly prized as wellsprings of both fuel and as beginning materials for some business items, including generally plastics. Oil designing is the utilization of science, material science, math, geography, and Engineering standards to find a financially savvy approach to distinguish promising zones for investigation, get to this normal asset, and refine it into attractive items. Scientists in the oil and oil industry work with unrefined petroleum and the products obtained from it.

The Industry is separated into both "upstream" and "downstream" parts, contingent upon how far from the well the work is. The upstream exercises incorporate investigation and creation and the downstream exercises incorporate refining and showcasing contains the oil Industry. This industry requires Geologists, synthetic architects, natural, logical, inorganic, physical scientists, organic chemists, and geochemists, and also specialized in tracer science, informatics, and is the limit from there. Natural chemistry is essential in the creation of oil since microscopic organisms change the nature of oil after some time, meddling with generation and causing downstream erosion issues and harmful risks, for instance. Inorganic scientific experts, natural physicists, investigative scientists, and concoction designs all assume a part in impetus science, innovation, and advancement, which is critical for the oil and petrochemical ventures.

There is a green side to oil science also. Consenting to ecological controls is basic to the Industry, and researchers should dependably know about how a procedure or product will influence nature, and how that effect can be limited. Physicists are continually searching for approaches to supplant existing refinery procedures and items with cleaner, more secure and more effective ones.

World Congress on Oil, Gas and Petroleum Refinery Sessions include: Oil and Gas Technology, Oil and Gas Exploration and Production, Petroleum Geology and Geoscience, Drilling and Mining Engineering, Enhanced Oil Recovery, Bio Fuels Refining, Catalytic Cracking, Petroleum Distillation and Refining, Energy Conversion and Storage, Petro chemistry and Polymer Science, Catalysts for Heavy Oil Extraction, Chemical Applications in Oil and Gas, Recent Development in Oil and Gas Industries, Environmental hazards in oil and gas Industry.

Petroleum refinery as a platform for renewable fuels production:

Petroleum refineries are regular areas for inexhaustible powers creation. They are, all things considered, worked for the generation of cutting edge powers by the most practical intends to convey suitable items for encompassing social orders. Refiners are exceptionally experienced with their crude materials and gear, which is principally because of the way, that they have been using them for a sufficiently long time to increase intensive learning on every single significant issue. Commonly, the refineries likewise have a broad learning of item and fuel markets, though for petroleum-based fills as it were. The handling of biofeedstocks implies entering an obscure region. One could state, from a conventional perspective, that anything "bio" implies extra issues by method for fouling, diminished efficiencies or an extra work trouble. Biomaterials are living creatures containing and delivering a huge number of mixes. In conventional applications, the littler scale polluting influences probably won't be pertinent or even perceived because of loose necessities, however they can be of central significance in oil refineries as to impetus action or while amassing inside hardware.

Another essential issue is that the least difficult and least expensive approach to process sustainable feeds in a current refinery, as co-nourishes, isn't really the most practical one. Additionally, the accessible exchanging determinations for inexhaustible feed materials take after just the key elements for show applications, while a total portrayal of biomaterial properties is inadequate. Just experience will uncover the huge factors and astonishments.

Be that as it may, in current conditions, "bio" additionally implies a premium in item esteem, which changes the photo, not slightest in the current financial atmosphere, where in refinery edges are low or non-existent. The building challenge is to do the coordination accurately, when bio items are fabricated in an oil refinery. In addition, the key is to make particles as comparable as conceivable to existing fuel atoms in their structures.

Customary oil refineries can be altered to process bio-base stocks into sustainable energizes.

What Next for the Oil and Gas Industry?

The future for the oil and gas industry has changed. The growth in production to supply a largely Western-driven market and of competition between private companies for access to reserves was one of the stories for over 100 years. The oil prices have moved to a permanently high level since 2005. By producing more efficient engines, ships, vehicles and by supplying alternative fuels some industries are capturing some of the demands. Uncertain opportunities to produce unconventional gas and oil are provided by the new technologies in many countries of the world. In the traditional oil exporting countries opportunities are still provided for the private sector companies where industry is under state monopoly but these countries involve cooperation which are controlled by the state oil and gas companies.

In the Middle East oil exports, question of carrying the responsibility for the physical security finally goes to the Asian markets rather than the Europe or US. The world consumes Oil and gas supply 60% of the commercial energy, and their combustion accounted for approximately the same proportion of global CO2 emissions. Oil and gas exports are more than 17% of the value of global exports and provide more than 28% of GDP in Russia, Central Asia and members of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC).

The world’s stock markets are invested in the gas and oil sector just over 10% of the value. What happens next in the industry will affect the consumers who depend on its products or try to avoid the environmental and social effects of using them, as well as the governments and shareholders who seek tax revenues and dividends from their activities. The industry cannot develop its strategies independently of governments. The report shows increasing and changing intervention by governments, driven by climate change policies and economic and physical security.

The oil and gas industry has always changed, and has caused changes in the societies in which it operates. The schismatic changes of the 1970s opened a new era. Those responsible both inside and outside the industry need to try to understand what is happening now and how it may affect the future, to explain their strategies clearly and to adapt to new situations as they develop. In a world where technology and environmental threats are changing industries and society so rapidly, the slowly turning super tanker is not an image that excuses inertia in oil and gas companies and those who deal with them. All who are in the industry or who are involved with it need to share clear thinking about the future.

Crude oil distillation unit:

The raw petroleum refining unit (CDU) is the primary handling unit in practically all oil refineries. The CDU distils the approaching raw petroleum into different portions of various bubbling extents, every one of which are then handled further in the other refinery preparing units. The CDU is frequently alluded to as the environmental refining unit since it works at marginally above climatic weight.

The overhead distillate part from the refining segment is naphtha. The portions expelled from the side of the refining section at different focuses between the segment best and bottoms are called side cuts. Every one of the side cuts i.e., the lamp oil, light gas oil and substantial gas oil is cooled by trading heat with the approaching unrefined petroleum. Subsequent to leaving the pinnacle, the greater parts of the portions go to holding, middle stockpiling tanks or straightforwardly to downstream process units.

The approaching unrefined petroleum is preheated by trading heat with a portion of the hot, refined parts and different streams. It is then desalted to expel inorganic salts. Following the desalted, the unrefined petroleum is additionally warmed by trading heat with a portion of the hot, refined parts and different streams. It is then warmed in a fuel-terminated heater to a temperature of around 398 °C and directed into the base of the refining unit. The cooling and consolidating of the refining tower overhead is furnished somewhat by trading heat with the approaching raw petroleum and mostly by either an air-cooled or water-cooled condenser. Extra warmth is expelled from the refining section by a pump around framework.

Biofuels:

Biofuels can have positive and negative effects on different issues. Keeping in mind the end goal to survey profits by the usage of biofuels contrasted with non-renewable energy sources, life cycles must be resolved. Life cycles to a great extent rely upon kind of feedstock, decision of area, generation of side-effects, process innovation and on how the fuel is utilized. Inside this assortment, the fundamental segments of life cycles in biofuel preparing are dependably the same. The existence cycle of biofuels has a few vertical process steps: biomass creation and transport, biofuel handling, biofuel dispersion and biofuel utilization. Also, the modern procedure ventures of making composts, seeds and pesticides for the creation of biomass must be incorporated. Life cycle and level characteristics of biofuel generation in each procedure venture of biofuel creation distinctive performing artists are included. Biomass is created and transported by ranchers. It is some of the time additionally transported by strategic administrations or by the biomass transformation industry itself. The transformation of biomass to biofuels can be either made by ranchers or by industry, which is more typical. At last, biofuels are appropriated by calculated administrations or fuel stations and devoured by private or mechanical shoppers. The existence cycle is additionally affected by even credits which must be deliberately evaluated with a specific end goal to permit correlations among various biofuels: vitality adjust, outflows, ozone harming substance emanations, other natural effects, biofuel costs, and financial effects.

For instance, add up to expenses of biofuels at the filling station incorporate expenses for biomass creation, biomass transportation, biomass change and dissemination. Additionally expenses and overall revenues of wholesalers must be considered. Outside costs, similar to costs for ecological harms, are likewise imperative, however they are frequently ignored. Natural criteria for the assessment of biofuels are essentially vitality and ozone harming substance adjusts. They must be painstakingly evaluated over the entire life cycle to get dependable outcomes. Diagram of vitality stream and outflows for all procedure ventures in the existence cycle of biofuels. At last, biofuels can possibly make financial advantages. Amid the existence cycle of biofuels, new occupations can be made and horticultural pay can be expanded. On the opposite side, work norms must be regarded and e.g. youngster work and bondage must be maintained a strategic distance from.

Upstream-Petroleum Exploration

The role of exploration is to provide the information required to exploit the best opportunities presented in the choice of areas, and to manage research operations on the acquired blocks. An oil company may work for several years on a prospective area before an exploration well is studded and during this period the geological history of the area is studied and the likelihood of hydrocarbons being present quantified.

Exploration is responsible for handling the risk intrinsic in this activity, and this is generally achieved by selection of a range of options in probabilistic and economic terms. Indeed, exploration is a risk activity and the management of exploration assets and associated operations is a major task for oil companies. The risk cannot be eliminated entirely but can be controlled and reduced adopting appropriate workflow, conceptual and technological innovations. When it’s been decided to start up with an exploration project in a basin or in a larger area containing several basins, the quantity and quality of available data must be acquired and evaluated – geological data, type of reserves, production of existing fields etc., Basin assessment/evaluation is the first step to undertake the study of the area under interest. Technological development has provided oil companies with Basin Modelling – which is a numerical simulation that allows the temporal reconstruction of the history of a sedimentary basin and the associated evolution of the processes related to the formation of petroleum accumulations.

The sequence of activities covered by an exploration permit is fairly uniform, and include the creation of a database the analysis of available data the programming of mapping and geological and photo geological surveys seismic surveys and interpretation of seismic data the choice of well locations, drilling the analysis of results and the decision as to whether or not to proceed with the application for a lease or to release the area after fulfilling obligations Goal of exploration is to identify and locate a prospect, to quantify the volume of hydrocarbon which might be contained in the potential reservoirs and to evaluate the risk inherent the project itself. A prospect is a viable target evidenced by geological and geophysical indications that is recommended for drilling and exploration well.

The prospects identified must be technically practicable and meet the market conditions to guarantee a financial return on investments. The results obtained by drilling the exploratory wells indicate whether the initial geological hypotheses are correct or whether variations are found. All this will allow the fine-tuning of the economic analysis of the project possibly turning hypothetical reserves into proved ones. Where profitability does not meet the standards of the company, it leads to the termination of further investments.

The oil and gas industry facilities and systems are broadly defined, according to their use in the oil and gas industry production stream: Exploration Includes prospecting, seismic and drilling activities that take place before the development of a field is finally decided. Upstream typically refers to all facilities for production and stabilization of oil and gas. The reservoir and drilling community often uses upstream for the wellhead, well, completion and reservoir only, and downstream of the wellhead as production or processing. Exploration and upstream/production together is referred to as Exploration & Production. Midstream Broadly defined as gas treatment, LNG production and regasification plants, and oil and gas pipeline systems. Refining where oil and condensates are processed into marketable products with defined specifications such as gasoline, diesel or feedstock for the petrochemical industry. Refinery off sites such as tank storage and distribution terminals is included in this segment, or may be part of a separate distributions operation. Petrochemical these products are chemical products where the main feedstock is hydrocarbons. This means that oil companies spend much time on analysis models of good exploration data, and will only drill when models give a good indication of source rock and probability of finding oil or gas.

In distributed production, this is called the gathering system. The remainder of the diagram is the actual process, often called the gas oil separation plant (GOSP). While there are oil- or gas-only installations, more often the well-stream will consist of a full range of hydrocarbons from gas (methane, butane, propane, etc.), condensates to crude oil. With this well flow, we also get a variety of unwanted components, such as water, carbon dioxide, salts, sulphur and sand. The purpose of the GOSP is to process the well flow into clean, marketable products: oil, natural gas or condensates. Also included are a number of utility systems, which are not part of the actual process but provide energy, water, air or some other utility to the plant.

To view our Petroleum Refinery 2018 tentative program visit: https://petroleumrefinery.conferenceseries.com/scientific-program

Contact: Alessia Lee

Petroleum Refinery 2018 | Program Manager

World Congress on Oil Gas and Petroleum Refinery

World Congress on Oil Gas and Petroleum Refinery

Research advances energy savings for oil, gas industries

Efficiently converting methane:

Methane gas is a result in a significant part of the oil and gas industry, where it might develop amid activities and cause a safety concern. Methane additionally an essential fixing in flammable gas used to warm homes, and it can be changed over into numerous valuable products including electricity. In any case, breaking the solid bond between its carbon and hydrogen takes an enormous measure of continuity. To change over methane, the oil and gas industry frequently utilizes a nickel-based catalyst. Be that as it may, usually more affordable to just consume the methane in giant flares nearby; in any case, this is adding greenhouse gases to the atmosphere, contributing to global warming. If we can efficiently and effectively convert methane from shale or gas fields to electric power or useful products, that would be very good thing.

Nickel carbide an effective catalyst:

The scientists set up that they can decrease the energy required to break the bond between hydrogen and carbon by including a modest piece of carbon inside the nickel-based catalyst. Which makes nickel carbide, which creates a positive electrical field, these novel catalysts debilitates the methane atom’s hydrogen-carbon bond; enable it to break at very low temperatures. Oil and petroleum gas blast makes methane emissions increment like carbon dioxide; methane is a standout amongst the most critical ozone harming substances.

The order to thermo genic methane from the oil and flammable gas industry depends on our vertical estimations of ethane and methane focuses between the ground and the highest layers of the Earth's environment. Aside from thermo genic methane framed inside profound shake layers at high temperatures and transmitted into the air because of oil and gas creation, developing biogenic emanations by anaerobic procedures are another reason, Ethane is fundamental for evaluating the commitment of thermo genic methane. Like methane, it is a hydrocarbon compound and one of the fundamental segments of petroleum gas.

Distillation process of Crude oil

Crude oil is the term for "unrefined" oil, it is also known as petroleum. Crude oil is a fossil fuel, it was made naturally from decaying plants and animals living in ancient seas millions of years ago - most places you can find crude oil were once sea beds. Crude oils vary in color, from clear to tar-black, and in viscosity, from water to almost solid. Hydrocarbons are molecules that contain hydrogen and carbon and come in various lengths and structures, from straight chains to branching chains to rings. Crude oil is refined to produce useable products such as gasoline. The process is very complex and involves both chemical reactions and physical separations. Crude oil is mixture of thousands of different molecules. It would be nearly impossible to isolate every molecule and make finished products from each molecule. Chemists and engineers deal with this problem by isolating mixtures of molecules according to the mixture's boiling point range. The problem with crude oil is that it contains hundreds of different types of hydrocarbons all mixed together. Crude Oil refinery process: The oil refining process starts with a fractional distillation column. The various components of crude oil have different sizes, weights and boiling temperatures; so, the first step is to separate these components. Because they have different boiling temperatures, they can be separated easily by a process called fractional distillation. After going through the fractional distillation, crude oil is chemically processed to change one fraction into another. Finally, Distillate and chemically processed fractions are treated to remove impurities. Fractional distillation: This process is based on the principle that different substances boil at different temperatures. For example, crude oil contains kerosene and naphtha, which are useful fractions .When you evaporate the mixture of kerosene and naphtha, and then cool it; the kerosene condenses at a higher temperature than the naphtha. As the mixture cools, the kerosene condenses first, and the naphtha condenses later.

To share your research thoughts crude oil refining process Join at Our World Congress on Oil, Gas and Petroleum Refinery going to be held in Abu Dhabi, UAE during September 27-28, 2018.
To view our Program schedule please visit: https://petroleumrefinery.conferenceseries.com/scientific-program

Contact:
Alessia
E mail: petroleumrefinery@enggconferences.com

Compressed Natural Gas and Liquefied Hydrocarbon Gases

The arrangement of normally happening hydrocarbon gases is like unrefined oils in that they contain a blend of various hydrocarbon particles relying upon their source. They can be removed as flammable gas from gas fields; oil related gas which is extricated with oil from gas and oil fields; and gas from gas condensate fields, where a portion of the fluid segments of oil change over into the vaporous state when weight is high .When the weight is diminished condensate containing heavier hydrocarbons isolates from the gas by build-up. Petroleum gas contains 90 to 99% hydrocarbons, which comprise predominately of methane together with littler measures of ethane, propane and butane. Petroleum gas additionally contains structure of nitrogen, water vapor, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide and dormant gases, for example, argon or helium. Normal gases containing in excess of 50 g/m3 of hydrocarbons with particles of at least three carbon iotas are delegated lean gases.

Flammable gas from gas and gas condensate fields is prepared in the field to meet particular transportation criteria before being packed and bolstered into gas pipelines. This readiness incorporates evacuation of water with driers, oil expulsion utilizing blending channels, and the evacuation of solids by filtration. Hydrogen sulphide and carbon dioxide are additionally expelled from gaseous petrol, with the goal that they don't consume pipelines and transportation and pressure hardware. Propane, butane and pentane, display in gaseous petrol, are likewise expelled before transmission so they won't consolidate and shape fluids in the framework. Flammable gas is transported by pipeline from gas fields to liquefaction plants, where it is compacted and cooled to around – 162 °C to create melted gaseous petrol (LNG).The arrangement of LNG is not the same as petroleum gas because of the evacuation of a few polluting influences and segments amid the liquefaction procedure. LNG is fundamentally used to enlarge gaseous petrol supplies amid crest request periods and to supply gas in remote regions from real pipelines. It is degasified by adding nitrogen and air to make it practically identical to gaseous petrol before being nourished into gas supply lines. LNG is additionally utilized as an engine vehicle fuel as another option to gas.

Oil related gases and condensate gases are delegated rich gases, since they contain huge measures of ethane, propane, butane and other immersed hydrocarbons. Oil related and condensate gases are isolated and melted to deliver condensed oil gas (LPG) by pressure, adsorption, retention and cooling at oil and gas process plants. These gas plants likewise deliver regular gas and other hydrocarbon portions.

Recent Advances in Petrochemical Science

There are very limited role for thermal processing in the refinery because it does not give selective product as well as its processed stream has to pass through hydro processing. However, due to the production of heavy oil feeds using catalytic refinery process may not be efficient process. Thermal cracking processes are designed to handle heavy residues with high Asphaltenic and metal contents. Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle is one of the oldest thermal process, which is used for electricity, which can handle a wide range of poor quality feed stocks coal, heavy oil, natural gas and even plant waste and produce a wide range of products such as syngas Hydrogen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide . The process also crucial for hydrogen, ammonia, methanol and synthetic fossil fuel For example liquid gasoline, it contains no sulphur or benzene, making it extremely clean burning by using methanol to gasoline processes. Syn-fuels better than conventional fuel but at significantly which have higher price, Hence, syn fuels more expensive, which have wide scope for technological development in order to make production economically viable. Under gasification, the sulphur in heavy oil can be converted into carbonyl sulphide while conversion of fuel bound nitrogen to gaseous nitrogen and ammonia. Currently, process mainly used with the association of steam reforming, dry reforming and partial oxidation mainly for the coal, bottom of the barrel, asphalt or petroleum coke.

Refining Integration and Petrochemical:

The petrochemical industries and integration of refining is a mutual benefit where utilization of refinery products and by-products as a feedstock for petrochemicals. Therefore, it is a strategic benefit over reducing the costs of feed and utilizing in the form of customize products. And also both industries are looking for opportunity to make use of their processing option where refinery can process dirtier feedstock (heavy oil) while commodity supply can be improved in the petrochemical. specifically this model can be effectively utilize in the refinery for heavy oil processing mainly using cracking process or the thermal processes ,whereas petrochemical benefited from their value products such as propylene and BTX, FCC naphtha, surplus Coker naphtha, etc.

To know more research techniques and share your research thoughts on Petroleum, petrochemicals, Oil and Gas join at our “World Congress on Oil, Gas and Petroleum Refinery” going to be held at Abu Dhabi, UAE during September 27-28, 2018.

Contact:

Alessia
Petroleum Refinery 2018 | Program ManagerE mail: petroleumrefinery@enggconferences.com

Oil Recovery Techniques - Enhanced Oil Recovery:

Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) is a more technologically advanced method for bringing production to surface than conventional methods of drilling. EOR is the final stage implemented in recovering all the crude oil possible from an oil reservoir. There are a number of techniques used for Enhanced Oil Recovery, each of which has variations on cost, efficiency and safety. From all these techniques, Surfactant EOR is receiving more attention in recent years.

Types of Enhanced Oil Recovery:

Oil production can be done into three phases: Primary, Secondary and Tertiary (or Enhanced Oil Recovery). Each phase requires an increasing amount of technology and energy to recover the oil. This increases the cost of well production.

Primary & Secondary Recovery

Primary recovery relies on naturally occurring pressure within the oil reservoir to drive oil to the surface. Secondary oil recovery initiates external energy to the oil reservoir when naturally occurring pressure is no longer sufficient to bring oil to the surface. It has done this by injecting water or by pumping compressed gasses into the reservoir.

The Global Need for Enhanced Oil Recovery:

As global demand for oil increases so its value and this makes more expensive oil extraction techniques more and more viable. In the long term, fossil fuels will need to be replaced by renewable energy sources. In the meantime, however, Enhanced Oil Recovery offers the only viable solution for retrieving anywhere up to 80% of the world’s oil reserves. When oil prices are low the general practice has been to extract somewhere between 20-50% of the oil through primary and secondary processes and then abandon it. Generally speaking establishing new wells has been a cheaper production method than EOR and that's why it has been slow to take off.

It is only now with improved bio-based surfactant systems that can be used at lower concentrations, the decline in new oil field discovery and rising oil prices that EOR is becoming economically viable.

Relieving the tension on global oil supply in the near and medium term is vital in securing the futures of developed and emerging economies. Whilst enhanced oil recovery is more costly, at a practical level it means the difference between expensive oil and no oil at all.

Enhanced Oil Recovery of various methods including:

Thermal EOR

Gas EOR

Chemical EOR

Hydrodynamic EOR

Combined EOR

With new advances in chemical research Chemical EOR  is fast gaining well-deserved attention as a long-term option for almost complete oil field extraction Recent developments in Chemical EOR have made even further developments making the processes safer, cleaner and more cost efficient than ever.

To share your research on oil recovery techniques join at our “World Congress on Oil, Gas and Petroleum Refinery” going to be held in Abu Dhabi, UAE during September 27-28, 2018.

For further information please visit: https://petroleumrefinery.conferenceseries.com/events-list/enhanced-oil-recovery

Contact:

Alessia Lee

Petroleum Refinery 2018 | Program Manager

Advancement on Drilling Technology in Petroleum Industry

There are two drilling techniques used in the petroleum industry, the cable tool technique, and rotary drilling technique, second technique is the most common method that performs a rotary grinding action. Only these two techniques applied in the drilling phase till date. The rotary drilling technique also proved successfully, by applying laser technology in this drilling, which is a modern technology.
Cable tool drilling is the first method of these two techniques. Hole boring is achieved by repeatedly lifting and dropping a heavy string of drilling tool into the bore hole with the bit crushing the rocks into small fragments. In this method, more result was not achieved with this because it is too much time consuming, has a very less penetration rate, blowout preventers were not easily adapted and it is almost limited to drilling consolidated formations. How-ever, at the turn of the 20th century, the rotary drilling technique was introduced and it immediately replaced the cable tool method from operation. The major difference between both is that with the cable tool, drilling has to be stopped in other for cuttings to be removed from the hole, whereas with the rotary drilling technique, a mud circulates throughout the system and carries away edges from the whole whilst drilling continuously. 

Rotary technique method is most like a common hand held drill, rotating drill bit with applied force to drill down the earth crust. The prime mover, hoisting equipment, rotating equipment, circulating equipment and blowout preventers complement each other to give the rotary technique is better nowadays for drilling. These components make a complicated looking rotary drilling method is very easy method. Whereas the cable tool method; it can drill through most rock formations, has a high penetration rate and can drill deeper wells, blowout preventers are easily adapted and can drill directionally as well. 

To know more information and share about your research on drilling techniques join us at our upcoming Petroleum Refinery 2018 conference.

For more sessions please visit: https://petroleumrefinery.conferenceseries.com/call-for-abstracts.php

Contact:

Alessia Lee

Petroleum Refinery 2018 | Program Manager

Email: petroleumrefinery@enggconferences.com